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Urology Cancers: All about bladder, kidney, prostate, and Cancers

UrologyCancers.com provides expert information on bladder, kidney, and prostate cancers. Discover detailed insights into symptoms, treatments, prevention, and the latest research, all presented in clear and accessible language. Designed for patients, caregivers, and anyone seeking trustworthy knowledge on urological health and cancers.

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What is Sarcomatoid Kidney Cancer?

Table of Contents Introduction Causes and Risk Factors Clinical Presentation Diagnosis Treatment Options Prognosis Conclusion References Introduction Sarcomatoid kidney cancer is a rare and aggressive form of kidney cancer characterized by the presence of cancer cells with spindle-shaped features resembling those seen in sarcomas. Unlike typical renal cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid kidney cancer is not a distinct subtype but rather a high-grade transformation that can occur in any subtype of renal cell carcinoma. The presence of sarcomatoid features indicates a more aggressive clinical course and a poorer prognosis compared to other forms of kidney cancer. Sarcomatoid kidney cancer is a rare and aggressive form of kidney cancer characterized by the presence of cancer cells with spindle-shaped features resembling those seen in sarcomas. Unlike typical renal cell carcinoma, sarcomatoid kidney cancer is not a distinct subtype but rather a high-grade transformation...

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Kidney Cancer Questions Answered in Simple Terms

Kidney cancer can be overwhelming, especially when you’re searching for answers you can understand. This page lists all the questions about kidney cancer that have been answered on this site — clearly, and in simple everyday language. Whether you are newly diagnosed, supporting a loved one, or just curious, these articles are written to help you make sense of what is happening, one question at a time. New posts are added regularly. Each one is based on real questions people ask and explained without medical jargon. To read more, simply click on any of the titles below. Articles in This Series What is Kidney Cancer? How Common Is Kidney Cancer? What Causes Kidney Cancer? Is Kidney Cancer the Same as Renal Cell Carcinoma? Can You Live With One Kidney If the Other Has Cancer? Can Kidney Cancer Spread to Other Organs? What Is the Survival Rate for Kidney Cancer? Is Kidney Cancer Curable If Caught Early? Can Kidney Cancer Go Away on Its Own? Who Is at Risk of Developing Kidney Cancer? Does ...

Kidney Questions Answered in Plain Language

Your kidneys do much more than make urine. They filter your blood, balance your fluids, control blood pressure, and support bone and red blood cell health. But how exactly do they do all this? This page is your one-stop resource for understanding how the kidneys work—one question at a time. Whether you are curious about how much urine is normal, what kidneys remove from the blood, or what happens with only one kidney, you will find simple, science-backed answers here. Each topic below links to a short article that explains one key question in plain language. These articles are designed for anyone to understand—no medical background needed. As new articles are published, they will be added to the list below. Bookmark this page and check back often for the latest updates. What do the kidneys do in the human body? How do the kidneys filter blood? Where are the kidneys located in the body? Can you live a normal life with one kidney? How much urine do healthy kidneys produce in a day? What ...

What Is Belzutifan and How Is It Used in Kidney Cancer?

Belzutifan (brand name Welireg) is a new targeted therapy approved for certain patients with kidney cancer, especially those with genetic conditions like von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease. It represents a new class of drugs called HIF-2α inhibitors, which work differently from older therapies by targeting a specific protein that fuels tumor growth in the kidneys and other organs. How Does Belzutifan Work? Belzutifan targets a protein called hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha (HIF-2α). In people with kidney cancer—especially those with VHL syndrome—this protein is often overactive, even when oxygen levels are normal. Overactivity of HIF-2α promotes: Tumor cell survival New blood vessel growth Abnormal cell proliferation By blocking HIF-2α, belzutifan disrupts the cancer’s energy supply, slowing or halting tumor growth. Who Can Benefit? Belzutifan is currently: Approved for patients with von Hippel-Lindau disease-associated RCC Being studied in clinical trials for broader use in sporadic adv...

What Is Pazopanib and How Is It Used in Kidney Cancer?

Pazopanib (brand name Votrient) is a targeted oral therapy used to treat advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a common form of kidney cancer. It is part of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) class of drugs, designed to block specific proteins that help tumors grow and spread. Pazopanib is typically used: As a first-line treatment for advanced kidney cancer in patients who may not be candidates for immunotherapy As a second-line option when other drugs are not suitable How Does It Work? Pazopanib works by blocking several proteins that tumors use to survive and grow, including: VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) PDGFR (platelet-derived growth factor receptor) c-KIT By targeting these receptors, pazopanib: Reduces blood flow to the tumor (anti-angiogenesis) Slows tumor growth Helps control spread of the disease How Is It Taken? Taken by mouth, once daily, usually at a dose of 800 mg Must be taken on an empty stomach, either 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal Swallow ...

Can you live a normal life with one kidney?

Yes, it is absolutely possible to live a normal, healthy life with just one kidney. Many people are born with one kidney, donate a kidney, or lose one due to injury or surgery—and they continue to live full, active lives without any major problems. The reason is simple. Each kidney has more filtering power than your body actually needs. Together, your two kidneys filter about 180 liters (48 gallons) of blood every day. If you have one healthy kidney, it can increase its workload to handle almost all of the tasks that both kidneys would normally share. This process is called compensatory hypertrophy, where the remaining kidney grows slightly larger and becomes more efficient over time. However, living with one kidney does come with a few considerations. Doctors often recommend that people with a single kidney avoid activities with a high risk of back or abdominal injury, such as contact sports, unless protective gear is used. Regular checkups, blood pressure monitoring, and basic urine ...

What Is Sunitinib and How Is It Used in Kidney Cancer?

Sunitinib (brand name Sutent) is an oral targeted therapy used to treat advanced kidney cancer, especially renal cell carcinoma (RCC). It was one of the first effective drugs for kidney cancer after surgery and remains in use today, particularly in certain patients or healthcare systems where newer drugs may not be available. Sunitinib works by blocking multiple proteins that cancer cells need to grow and form new blood vessels. How Does It Work? Sunitinib is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). It targets proteins such as: VEGFR – involved in tumor blood supply PDGFR – promotes tumor growth c-KIT and FLT3 – related to cell signaling and survival By blocking these, sunitinib slows tumor growth and cuts off the blood supply that cancers rely on. How Is It Taken? Sunitinib is taken by mouth, usually 50 mg once daily The most common cycle is 4 weeks on, 2 weeks off Some patients may use a reduced daily dose continuously, depending on side effects Regular blood tests and scans are used to mo...

What Is Urine Made Of?

Urine is more than just a waste product—it is a useful sign of how your body is working. Formed by the kidneys, urine helps remove unwanted substances from the blood and keeps your internal balance in check. Urine is made up of about 95 percent water. The remaining 5 percent includes a mix of waste products, excess minerals, and other substances the body no longer needs. One of the main waste products found in urine is urea, which is created when your body breaks down proteins. Another is creatinine, a byproduct of muscle activity. You will also find electrolytes in urine, such as sodium, potassium, chloride, and calcium. These minerals play important roles in nerve and muscle function, blood pressure regulation, and fluid balance. The kidneys control how much of each is released in the urine depending on what the body needs at the time. Other compounds found in urine include ammonia, uric acid, and small amounts of hormones, vitamins, and enzymes. The exact makeup of urine can change ...

What Is the Difference Between the Kidneys and the Bladder?

The kidneys and the bladder are both part of the urinary system, but they serve very different purposes. Understanding the difference between them helps explain how your body removes waste and stays in balance. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs located on either side of your spine, just below the ribcage. Their main job is to filter your blood, removing waste products, extra water, and excess salts. They produce urine as a way to carry these unwanted substances out of the body. Each day, your kidneys filter around 180 liters (48 gallons) of blood and produce about 1 to 2 liters (1 to 2 quarts) of urine. Once the urine is formed, it flows from the kidneys through narrow tubes called ureters and enters the bladder. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ located in the lower abdomen. It acts as a storage tank for urine. As urine flows in, the bladder stretches and expands. It can hold about 400 to 600 milliliters (13 to 20 ounces) of urine comfortably. When the bladder is full, sign...

What Are Nephrons and What Do They Do?

Inside each of your kidneys are about one million tiny filtering units called nephrons. These microscopic structures are the real workhorses of the kidney, responsible for cleaning your blood and forming urine. Each nephron has two main parts: the glomerulus and the tubule. The glomerulus is a cluster of tiny blood vessels that acts like a filter. Blood flows into the glomerulus, where water, waste, and small molecules are pushed out of the bloodstream. Larger molecules like proteins and blood cells stay in the blood, where they belong. The filtered fluid—called filtrate—then enters the tubule, a long, twisting structure where the body fine-tunes what stays and what goes. Useful substances like glucose, certain salts, and water are reabsorbed back into the blood. What remains becomes urine, which is sent to the bladder for removal from the body. Nephrons are incredibly efficient. Working together, they filter about 180 liters (48 gallons) of blood every day, adjusting fluid and chemica...

How much urine do healthy kidneys produce in a day?

Healthy kidneys play a vital role in maintaining the body’s fluid balance, and one of the most visible ways they do this is by producing urine. On average, healthy kidneys produce about 1 to 2 liters (roughly 1 to 2 quarts) of urine per day. This amount can vary depending on several factors, including how much fluid you drink, how much you sweat, your diet, and your overall health. Urine is mostly made up of water, but it also contains waste products such as urea, creatinine, and excess salts. These waste products come from the natural breakdown of food and the body’s metabolism. The kidneys filter them from the bloodstream and remove them through urine, keeping your internal environment clean and balanced. If you drink more fluids, your kidneys will usually produce more urine to help flush out the excess water. On the other hand, if you are dehydrated, your kidneys conserve water by reducing urine output. This is why urine tends to be darker in color when you are not drinking enough f...

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